Cet article présente un cadre conceptuel pour l'analyse des stimulants rattachés aux modalités de paiement des professionnels de la santé, notamment des médecins. Dans une première partie, la dynamique du système de soins est exposée et les particularités fondamentales des services de santé sont décrites. Dans une deuxième partie, une typologie des modalités de paiement est proposée qui prend en compte, non seulement l'objet de la rémunération, mais aussi les mécanismes de détermination du niveau de la rémunération et l'organisation du paiement.
Résumé Depuis plusieurs années, l'idée de réformer les soins de santé primaires comme stratégie d'amélioration de la performance du système de santé fait consensus au Canada parmi les politiciens, les décideurs, les cliniciens et les chercheurs. Toutefois, ce n'est que plus récemment que de réelles initiatives de transformations ont été entreprises dans différentes provinces canadiennes comme dans d'autres pays. À cet égard, le modèle de Groupes de médecine de famille (GMF) mis en place au Québec apparaît comme une initiative prometteuse pour améliorer l'organisation des soins de santé primaires. Un GMF est un regroupement de médecins qui travaillent en étroite collaboration avec des infirmières pour dispenser des services auprès de personnes inscrites, sur une base non géographique. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser le potentiel du modèle GMF comme levier d'amélioration de la performance du système de santé et de discuter des voies possibles d'amélioration de ce modèle. Dans un premier temps, nous discutons l'historique de l'organisation des soins primaires au Québec. Ensuite, nous présentons le modèle GMF au regard des quatre fonctions clés des systèmes de santé identifiées par l'OMS soit 1) le financement, 2) la génération de ressources humaines et technologiques, 3) la prestation de services individuels et collectifs et 4) la gouvernance. Nous discutons par la suite des voies possibles pour faire progresser la réforme en nous inspirant particulièrement du modèle Family health team implanté dans la province de l'Ontario. Nous concluons en proposant des recommandations qui pourraient inspirer d'autres initiatives en cours, notamment les maisons de santé qui s'implantent progressivement en France. Prat Organ Soins. 2011;42(2):101-109
Canadian politicians, decision-makers, clinicians and researchers have come to agree that reforming primary care services is a key strategy for improving healthcare system performance. However, it is only more recently that real transformative initiatives have been undertaken in different Canadian provinces. One model that offers promise for improving primary care service delivery is the family medicine group (FMG) model developed in Quebec. A FMG is a group of physicians working closely with nurses in the provision of services to enrolled patients on a non-geographic basis. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the FMG's potential as a lever for improving healthcare system performance and to discuss how it could be improved. First, we briefly review the history of primary care in Quebec. Then we present the FMG model in relation to the four key healthcare system functions identified by the World Health Organization: (a) funding, (b) generating human and technological resources, (c) providing services to individuals and communities and (d) governance. Next, we discuss possible ways of advancing primary care reform, looking particularly at the family health team (FHT) model implemented in the province of Ontario. We conclude with recommendations to inspire other initiatives aimed at transforming primary care.
L'évolution des structures et des connaissances pousse les systèmes sociosanitaires à modifier leurs régulations; aussi, mieux comprendre les processus favorisant ou contrant les changements planifiés est-il important. Cet article vise à intégrer la notion de champ à l'analyse institutionnelle du changement. Cette notion définie par Pierre Bourdeau est particulièrement utile pour cerner la dynamique de l'implantation d'une réforme, comme l'illustre une étude de cas concernant le traitement du sida. À l'intérieur de ce secteur, trois champs sont identifiés et la dynamique de modification de leurs régulations est présentée. Cette recherche souligne l'importance d'accorder une attention particulière aux champs les plus institutionnalisés dans un secteur d'intervention et à leurs principaux acteurs, qui tendent à adopter des stratégies de conservation. Pour mettre en place des changements importants, le développement de stratégies autoritaires et formalisées est préconisé.
Résumé Dans les nombreuses publications sur l'utilisation des services de santé, les mesures portent le plus souvent sur le volume de services. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une approche globale d'évaluation de l'utilisation des services de santé de première ligne, et des mesures qui y sont associées à partir des banques de données. En nous basant sur le cadre théorique de Starfield, nous proposons d'analyser l'utilisation des services à l'aide d'indicateurs qui ne sont pas directement liés au volume, mais qui indirectement en donnent une approximation, tout en documentant les aspects qualitatifs de l'utilisation. Ces indicateurs relèvent de l'accessibilité, la continuité, la globalité, et la productivité des soins. Après avoir défini chacun des concepts, nous en proposons leur opérationnalisation à partir des bases de d onnées. Nous présentons ensuite l'intérêt de cette conceptualisation multidimensionnelle de l'utilisation des services à l'aide de l'analyse simultanée de ces indicateurs. Les chercheurs et décideurs en santé publique et en planification de la santé trouveront avantage dans l'utilisation de cette approche multidimensionnelle novatrice. Elle offre une conceptualisation de l'utilisation des services de santé dynamique en s'appuyant sur des bases de données médico-administratives. Prat Organ Soins. 2011;42(1):11-18
The quest for greater efficiency in health systems encourages governments to bring together two fields of practice that have largely developed in parallel in industrialized countries: public health and healthcare. Current healthcare reform in the province of Quebec formally integrates these two fields within a common governance structure. The objective of this paper is to discuss the issues arising from the integration of public health services into the planning and delivery of local healthcare services, and its potential effect on the overall performance of the healthcare system. The authors begin by describing the characteristics of these two sectors; then, they discuss current reforms in Quebec and the impact of various transitions (epidemiological, technological and organizational) that bring the sectors into greater convergence. The paper concludes with a discussion of obstacles and potential opportunities at two levels: (a) the development of population-based planning of services within healthcare organizations, and (b) the articulation of public health and healthcare services concerns at the local level. The ongoing reform in Quebec is a unique opportunity to maximize outcomes from the resources invested in the healthcare system, based on a collective vision for improving health.
Abstract Background Over the past decade, in the province of Quebec, Canada, the government has initiated two consecutive reforms. These have created a new type of primary healthcare – family medicine groups (FMGs) – and have established 95 geographically defined local health networks (LHNs) across the province. A key goal of these reforms was to improve collaboration among healthcare organizations. The objective of the paper is to analyze the impact of these reforms on the development of collaborations among primary healthcare practices and between these organisations and hospitals both within and outside administrative boundaries of the local health networks. Methods We surveyed 297 primary healthcare practices in 23 LHNs in Quebec's two most populated regions (Montreal & Monteregie) in 2005 and 2010. We characterized collaborations by measuring primary healthcare practices' formal or informal arrangements among themselves or with hospitals for different activities. These collaborations were measured based on the percentage of clinics that identified at least one collaborative activity with another organization within or outside of their local health network. We created measures of collaboration for different types of primary healthcare practices: first- and second-generation FMGs, network clinics, local community services centres (CLSCs) and private medical clinics. We compared their situations in 2005 and in 2010 to observe their evolution. Results Our results showed different patterns of evolution in inter-organizational collaboration among different types of primary healthcare practices. The local health network reform appears to have had an impact on territorializing collaborations firstly by significantly reducing collaborations outside LHNs areas for all types of primary healthcare practices, including new type of primary healthcare and CLSCs, and secondly by improving collaborations among healthcare organizations within LHNs areas for all organizations. This is with the exception of private medical clinics, where collaborations decreased both outside and within LHNs. Conclusion Health system reforms aimed at creating geographically based networks influenced primary healthcare practices' both among themselves (horizontal collaborations) and with hospitals (vertical collaborations). There is evidence of increased collaborations within defined geographic areas, particularly among new type of primary healthcare.
Based on the example of the evaluation of service organization models, this article shows how a configurational approach overcomes the limits of traditional methods which for the most part have studied the individual components of various models considered independently of one another. These traditional methods have led to results (observed effects) that are difficult to interpret. The configurational approach, in contrast, is based on the hypothesis that effects are associated with a set of internally coherent model features that form various configurations. These configurations, like their effects, are context-dependent. We explore the theoretical basis of the configuration approach in order to emphasize its relevance, and discuss the methodological challenges inherent in the application of this approach through an in-depth analysis of the scientific literature. We also propose methodological solutions to these challenges. We illustrate from an example how a configurational approach has been used to evaluate primary care models. Finally, we begin a discussion on the implications of this new evaluation approach for the scientific and decision-making communities.
This paper reports on a research collective on primary healthcare (PHC) conducted in Quebec in 2004. Thirty ongoing or recently completed studies were synthesized through a process involving a high degree of exchange among researchers who conducted the original studies, investigators and decision-makers. The viewpoints expressed by decision-makers who participated in the process were analyzed in terms of convergence with and divergence from the researchers' viewpoints. In four cases, there was convergence between the decision-makers' and the researchers' viewpoints, thus increasing the validity of the collective's findings. The main divergence between the two groups' viewpoints concerns the strategy adopted in Quebec to create local health and social services networks. Such divergence reflects the distinction made by Klein between scientific evidence and organizational and political evidence.
Abstract Background Healthcare reforms initiated in the early 2000s in Québec involved the implementation of new modes of primary healthcare (PHC) delivery and the creation of Health and Social Services Centers (HSSCs) to support it. The objective of this article is to assess and explain the degree of PHC organizational change achieved following these reforms. Methods We conducted two surveys of PHC organizations, in 2005 and 2010, in two regions of the province of Québec, Canada. From the responses to these surveys, we derived a measure of organizational change based on an index of conformity to an ideal type (ICIT). One set of explanatory variables was contextual, related to coercive, normative and mimetic influences; the other consisted of organizational variables that measured receptivity towards new PHC models. Multilevel analyses were performed to examine the relationships between ICIT change in the post-reform period and the explanatory variables. Results Positive results were attained, as expressed by increase in the ICIT score in the post-reform period, mainly due to implementation of new types of PHC organizations (Family Medicine Groups and Network Clinics). Organizational receptivity was the main explanatory variable mediating the effect of coercive and mimetic influences. Normative influence was not a significant factor in explaining changes. Conclusion Changes were modest at the system level but important with regard to new forms of PHC organizations. The top-down decreed reform was a determining factor in initiating change whereas local coercive and normative influences did not play a major role. The exemplar role played by certain PHC organizations through mimetic influence was more important. Receptivity of individual organizations was both a necessary condition and a mediating factor in influencing change. This supports the view that a combination of top-down and bottom-up strategy is best suited for achieving substantial changes in PHC local organization.
